The Role of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor II as a Prognostic Marker in Severe COVID-19

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the clinical disease characteristics and standard laboratory parameters in relation to specific cytokine biomarkers associated with COVID-19 sequelae and to elucidate their correlations with disease severity, respiratory support requirements, and patient outcomes

Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Diyala, Iraq, from 1st December 2024 to 30th April 2025.

Methods: Seventy four participants were enrolled and divided in two groups, patient group and control group. Patient group comprised 44 participants and control group consisting of thirty participants. The Iraqi Ministry of Health devised the COVID-19 severity protocol, and those steps were used to grade the patients.

Results: There was a significant indicators of disease due to their relationship with COVID-19 and a high correlation between the severity of COVID-19 and inflammatory markers, including TNFRII, while blood cells,
neutrophils and lymphocytes. There was a substantial rise in tumor necrosis factor receptor II levels (P<0.001) between the control and sick groups.

Conclusion: The levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor II, white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, all of which were consistent with the infection, were correlated with the severity of the COVID-19 infection.