Homocysteine Level and Some Biochemical Variables in Kidney Patients, Isolation and Partial Purification of Methionine Synthase Enzyme, Preparation of a Compound and its Effect on the Isolated Enzyme

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate serum homocysteine, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and tumor necrosis factoralpha levels in hemodialysis and non dialysis chronic kidney disease patients compared with healthy controls, and to assess their relationship with renal function parameters.

Study Design: Comparative study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ninevah University, Iraq from 15th April to 15th October 2025.

Methods: A total of 90 blood samples were collected and divided into three groups (n = 30 each): hemodialysis patients (G1), non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients (G2), and healthy controls (G3). Serum homocysteine, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, while glutathione peroxidase activity and renal function tests were determined by a colorimetric method.

Results: Serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in the hemodialysis group (G1) compared with the control group, whereas significantly lower levels were observed in the non-dialysis chronic kidney disease group (G2). Malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly elevated in hemodialysis patients, indicating increased lipid peroxidation. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly reduced in both patient groups compared with controls. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly increased in both patient groups. Renal function markers, including urea and creatinine, were also significantly elevated, particularly in the hemodialysis group.

Conclusion: Oxidative stress and inflammation intensify with chronic kidney disease progression and dialysis, and suggest that homocysteine may play a key role in linking impaired renal function with redox imbalance in chronic kidney disease patients.